Zechariah

Introduction

Zechariah (Hebrew: Zekharyah, meaning "the LORD remembers") is the eleventh of the twelve Minor Prophets and one of the longest books among them. The prophet Zechariah, son of Berechiah and grandson of Iddo, was a priest who returned from the Babylonian exile and began prophesying in 520 BC, during the second year of the Persian king Darius I. He was a contemporary of the prophet Haggai and the governor Zerubbabel, and his primary audience was the returned Jewish community in Jerusalem who were struggling to rebuild the temple and restore their national identity after decades of exile.

Zechariah's message is one of encouragement, repentance, and eschatological hope. He urged the people to return to the LORD and not repeat the failures of their ancestors who had ignored the earlier prophets. Through a series of vivid night visions, symbolic actions, and prophetic oracles, Zechariah assured the people that God had not abandoned them — He was jealous for Jerusalem, would restore its fortunes, and would ultimately establish His kingdom over all the earth. The book contains some of the most significant messianic prophecies in the Old Testament, many of which are cited in the New Testament in connection with the life, death, and return of Jesus Christ.

Structure

Zechariah divides naturally into two major sections, with a transitional oracle in the middle:

Part 1: Calls to Repentance and the Eight Night Visions (Chapters 1–6)

• Call to Repentance (1:1–6) — A warning not to repeat the disobedience of their ancestors
• Eight Night Visions (1:7–6:8) — A series of symbolic visions received in a single night, each interpreted by an angelic guide:
  1. The horsemen among the myrtle trees (1:7–17)
  2. Four horns and four craftsmen (1:18–21)
  3. The man with a measuring line (2:1–13)
  4. The cleansing of Joshua the high priest (3:1–10)
  5. The gold lampstand and two olive trees (4:1–14)
  6. The flying scroll (5:1–4)
  7. The woman in a basket (5:5–11)
  8. Four chariots (6:1–8)
• The Crowning of Joshua (6:9–15) — A symbolic act pointing to the coming Branch who will be both priest and king

Part 2: Questions about Fasting and Oracles of Future Hope (Chapters 7–8)

• The Question about Fasting (7:1–7) — Whether the people should continue fasting to mourn the destruction of the temple
• Lessons from the Past (7:8–14) — A reminder of why judgment came upon their ancestors
• Promises of Restoration (8:1–23) — Ten prophetic sayings about Jerusalem's glorious future

Part 3: Two Prophetic Burdens (Chapters 9–14)

• The First Burden (9:1–11:17) — Judgment on the nations, the coming humble King, and the rejection of the good shepherd
• The Second Burden (12:1–14:21) — The siege and deliverance of Jerusalem, mourning for the one pierced, the striking of the shepherd, and the LORD's ultimate reign over all the earth

Chapter Summaries

1. The LORD calls the returned exiles to repentance, then Zechariah receives his first vision of horsemen patrolling the earth, followed by visions of four horns and four craftsmen.
2. A man with a measuring line measures Jerusalem, and God promises to be a wall of fire around the city and to dwell among His people.
3. Joshua the high priest stands before the angel of the LORD in filthy garments, is cleansed and re-clothed, and receives a promise about the coming Branch.
4. Zechariah sees a golden lampstand with two olive trees and receives the word that Zerubbabel will complete the temple "not by might nor by power, but by My Spirit."
5. Two visions depict the purging of sin from the land: a flying scroll carrying a curse against thieves and perjurers, and a woman called "Wickedness" carried away to Babylon in a basket.
6. Four chariots go out from between two bronze mountains to patrol the earth, and Joshua the high priest is crowned as a symbol of the coming priest-king, the Branch.
7. A delegation asks whether the fasts commemorating Jerusalem's destruction should continue, and the LORD responds by calling for justice, mercy, and compassion rather than empty ritual.
8. The LORD promises to return to Zion, restore Jerusalem as a city of truth and peace, and make His people a blessing — with nations streaming to seek Him.
9. An oracle of judgment against Israel's enemies is followed by the prophecy of Zion's coming King, humble and riding on a donkey, who will proclaim peace to the nations.
10. The LORD promises to restore and strengthen both Judah and Ephraim, gathering His scattered people from among the nations.
11. Zechariah enacts a parable of two shepherds — one faithful but rejected (valued at thirty pieces of silver) and one foolish and destructive — foreshadowing Israel's rejection of her true shepherd.
12. God promises that Jerusalem will become an immovable rock for the nations, and the people will mourn for the one they have pierced.
13. A fountain will be opened for cleansing, idolatry will be purged from the land, and the shepherd will be struck and the sheep scattered, but a refined remnant will remain.
14. All nations gather against Jerusalem, the LORD intervenes in battle, the Mount of Olives splits, living water flows from the city, and the LORD becomes King over all the earth.